What Causes Epilepsy?
Epilepsy can develop for many reasons, and in some cases, the exact cause may remain unknown.
Common causes include:
- Genetic factors
- Brain injury or trauma
- Stroke or brain infections
- Complications during birth
- Brain tumors or developmental disorders
Not everyone with these conditions will develop epilepsy, but they may increase risk.
Types of Seizures
Seizures vary from person to person and are broadly classified into two categories:
1. Focal Seizures
- Begin in one area of the brain
- May involve twitching, altered awareness, or unusual sensations
2. Generalized Seizures
- Affect both sides of the brain
- Include tonic-clonic (convulsions), absence (staring spells), and myoclonic seizures
Understanding seizure type helps doctors choose the most effective treatment.
Common Symptoms
Symptoms depend on the seizure type but may include:
- Sudden jerking movements
- Temporary confusion
- Loss of consciousness
- Staring spells
- Unusual emotions, smells, or sensations before a seizure (aura)
Diagnosis and Treatment
Epilepsy is diagnosed through:
- Medical history and seizure description
- EEG (electroencephalogram)
- Brain imaging (MRI or CT scans)
Treatment Options
- Anti-epileptic medications (most common and effective)
- Surgery (in specific cases)
- Dietary therapy (such as ketogenic diet)
- Nerve stimulation therapies
With proper treatment, about 70% of people with epilepsy can live seizure-free.
Living with Epilepsy
Epilepsy does not define a person. With awareness, support, and treatment, individuals can lead productive and fulfilling lives.
Helpful lifestyle tips:
- Take medications consistently
- Maintain regular sleep patterns
- Manage stress
- Avoid known seizure triggers
- Wear medical identification
- Educate family and friends on seizure first aid